Tile Art

Internal and external architectural decoration in the Turkish branch of the China's most colorful art, real big and has shown continuous improvement in the Anatolian Turkish architecture. Enriched with various techniques, this decorative art, always remained connected to architecture, its supremacy is not crushed, but the effect of increased interest by creating a colorful atmosphere. Of Turkish architecture, the use of decorative tile down to a very old history can. Of Uygur, Karahans of Ghaznavid Empire, and especially in Iran Harzemşahların of Great Seljuk architecture of China, albeit a little is known. This art, with the very common and various types of Anatolian Seljuk architecture works on a large development has continued until today by demonstrating the existence. Decorative tiles of each period of the previous period, although maintaining the technical superiority of this new technical inventions and art enriched with colors.

Anatolian Seljuk architecture, religious buildings were decorated with mosaic tile technique. In this technique, turquoise, purple, green, dark blue color glazed tiles, and cut the desired parts according to the structure were brought together on the floor plaster. Kõik and the Seljuk palaces, stars, haçvari, hexagonal, square, rectangular plate covered with geometric tiles. The Seljuks also applied onto a metallic luster glaze technique which developed Perdah. In addition to the geometric composition of religious buildings, such as rumi and palmette branches also included an abstract floral motifs were bent. Also, the decoration is very effective in large Kufi and also has an important place sülüs article. Tile decorations in the various positions in Anatolia palace people, hunting animals, birds, double-headed eagles, dragons, among the legendary creatures such as sphinxes, including a rich collection of figures demonstrate before the eyes. Konya was the center of the decorative tile in the Seljuk period. brick and glazed bricks were used in the first instance. But soon the entire surface coating with cutting mosaic tiles have reached a superior level.
Including decorative tiles in Anatolia, one of the important buildings dated early, in Sivas Keykavus Şifahane shrine. Seljuk Sultan I. The facade of this tomb lies Keykavus'un Izz ad-Din, the Sultan's death, be notified of the tiles and mosaic tiles decorate with sheets written a magnificent image has. The weight of the composition of these geometric structures, made with the scraping technique to master in two small cartridge that Marendli indicated.

13. century Old Malatya Ulu Mosque and the domed space with a iwan courtyard revahındaki tiles, depending on the architecture and magnificent examples of this decoration is successful. Scraping technique has been mentioned in inscriptions on tile, with masters of Malatya, this art is now also successfully applied by the Anatolian artist reveals.

Most important center of the Anatolian Seljuk architecture which decorate the tiles in Konya, the city is a center of this art is also featured. Transition to the dome of the mosque in Aladdin in the niche are decorated tiles. Also Sırçalı Madrasa's (1243) iwan decorative tile in the mosaic inscriptions in the name of an artist to have Tuslu is important. Came from a family in the Iranian city of Tus, this show the artist's activity in and around Konya in Anatolia, where the similarities seen in other works in is understood.

Konya Karatay Madrasa (1251), the Seljuk period reaches the top level of the mosaic tile art, especially in the dome, the structure covering almost every part of the mosaic tile decorations in front of the eyes Serer. Composition to look carefully, this construction of the mosaic tiles in a serious and conscious manner is understood to be placed.

Ata Mosque Complex and the owner still in Konya (1258-1283) tile decorations, the Seljuk period observed before the widespread use in the development vemimarideki illustrates. Niche of the mosque, the minaret of the body, the sarcophagus inside the tomb, belts, cellular networks, all windows of the outstanding examples of Seljuk art is covered with tiles. In this example, covering larger areas of the plant motif is observed.

Gok Medrese in Sivas (1272), the 13th of the art of the Seljuk tiles Towards the end of the century there is a point map. Iwan inside the vault, the mosaic tiles are applied as a relief to the middle puts. In addition, the back wall of the iwan decorated previously seen in Seljuk building in Iran, instead of the simple brick decoration, mosaic tiles are used entirely in Anatolia, is interesting in terms of showing. Gok Medrese in Tokat tiles in front of the iwan, the mosaic tiles used in the Seljuk period, gives a summary of the motives. Madrasa in the village of Brook Taylor's (1278) entrance iwan cut from red brick and turquoise tiles, there are lotus-palmetli a frieze. Tiles in the mihrab, the first and last time in the art of Turkish tiles as a decorative form of applied rates. Turquoise and purple colored tiles and Byzantine art were created with a node in the common motif in Allah and Ali combined with an original arrangement written eight-pointed star is created.

The magnificent niche Arslanhane Mosque in Ankara, 13 richness and technical development at the end of the century there indicates. Turquoise and dark blue colored mosaic tile is used in the niche, plaster ornamentation also has an important place.
Seljuk palace and Koike, unfortunately, could not come as solid present. But as a result of the excavations of this structure is understood they are covered with rich decorative tiles. In Konya Alaeddin Köıkü called, but IŞ. In the ruins of the building construction begins Kılıçarslan time, there used alone in the Anatolian Seljuk art technique has been called Mina tiles were found. This tile color is yellowish pulp, the pulp inside the connector, the alkali is used with lime. Very well kneaded dough, the sheet is made and without lining would be a secret. These tiles were used in seven colors, high temperature based on the green, dark blue, purple and turquoise colors being painted under the glaze, then the pattern would be made. Then, black, brick red, white and gold gilding on the back being painted a lighter glaze baking temperature would be a repeat. Implementation of this technique is very difficult medium to high quality products would come. This technique has been the star, cross-shaped diamond and square tile sheets, Seljuk period, reflecting the throne of palace life and hunting scenes as well as can be seen in various animals and stylized plants.

Sultan Aladdin was built by Keykubad Keykubadiye Kayseri (1224-26) and Beyşehir Kubad Abad (1226-37) is in the palace square, eight-pointed star and haçvarı china plates, and painting under the glaze on glaze with metallic luster which were built polishing techniques. In addition to the geometric motifs Keykubadiye Palace, under the turquoise glaze made with black spiral ornament, which contains a curved branch in the square tiles are used. Many in the Beyşehir Kubad Abad Palace encaustic tiles figures included. This structure is also used in polishing techniques. In this technique, pattern, matte white or purple and turquoise glazed tiles on top of silver or copper oxide is a mixture of business with, China again at a low temperature oven. Thus, a thin layer of a mixture of metal oxides case covered in the tile surface ornament. Eight-pointed star placed between tiles Haçvari-shaped plates, contained a variety of human and animal figures. These examples of Seljuk and worldly enriched with symbolic meaning is an exhibit depicting the concept.

Emirates during the use of tile, the Seljuks in is not so glorious. But in some cases, continued success of this art is still visible. Especially in Beyşehir Eşrefoğlu Principality and the Mosque (1299) and the adjacent mausoleum (1301), this period has the most magnificent decorative tiles. Provide input to the mosque and carry the inscription inside the doors, all coated with a tile mosaic tile art is like wearing a highlight of the victory. Mosaic tiles covering the dome of the tomb in the now, grift started sovereignty of floral motifs. Mosaic tile sheets in the pentagon where applied to create a technical capability that will reveal the eyes.
Mosaic tile decoration, Aydınoğlu Great Principality and the Birgi Camii'ndeki (1313) which carries the dome before the mihrab niche and also takes belt is received. Of the same hackneyed Isa Bey Mosque in Selçuk (1374), the niche axis, the transition to the first dome region, is covered with bricks and star-shaped tiles.

Mosaic tile decoration, the closest follower of the art of the Seljuk dynasty in which there are Karamanli. But this time, into the inlet is used as plaster ornamentation. Hasbey Darülhıffazı'nın in Konya (1421) to the altar and dome mosaic tiles in the transition region, continues to feature in the Seljuk period. However, in Karaman Ibrahim Bey of İmaret (1433) now exhibited in Istanbul Tiled Pavilion in color glaze painting technique has been spectacular in the niche, we find the effects of the Ottoman ceramic art. The same effect, in Kutahya Germiyanoğlu Principality and the adjacent ımaret'ine II. Yakup Bey Tomb of the (1429), where the borders of the set, color glaze painting technique made with rectangular plate in China are met.
Since the beginning of Ottoman ceramic art to the implementation of various techniques has shown a big stage and wealth. Bursa Green Mosque (1419-22), and complex ornamentation of the tiles, the first reaches the level of Ottoman art exhibitions in China. This structure is used in the contour of the pattern of colored glaze technique on the red clay dug deep with the bass or be prints are processed through, the oven is then painted with colored glazes. In another way the sheets with red clay, a white undercoat primer contours of the pattern after chromium, manganese, a substance mixed with sugar is drawn. The oven is then painted with colored glazes. As a result of melting of colored glaze Oven added, thanks to surging strokes are prevented from flowing into each other.

White, yellow, pistachio green and purple in a richness of color has joined. In addition, Far Eastern origin hatayili compositions and peony patterns, such as China participated in the art. This part of innovations to the art of China's large share in the Ali bin Ilyas Ali has. In fact, the master Bursalı Semerkant'a borne by Timur 1402'de, where he learned new techniques and styles, the return to bring the product has been carrying out in Bursa Tebriz masters. In addition, the Green Mosque tiles covered entirely in hünkar mahfil, again written in China Muhammad al Majnun name, make this part of the master is like a signature iftaharla thrown.

The two candlesticks from the altar of the tomb green flush of flowers in the vase and the lamp hanging from the top composition, decorative style evolving in front of the eyes Serer. Çelebi Sultan Mehmed entire sarcophagus is covered with colored tiles in glaze technique, tiled sarcophagus is one of the most magnificent.
Mosque and Madrasa in Delhi at Muradiye (1425) with the more limited ornaments, mosaics and painting techniques with colored enamel in various formats consists of a single color glazed tile plate.

Muradiye Edirne Mosque (1436) China, however, the development of China in the early Ottoman ceramic art exhibitions. Niche of the mosque, under a transparent colorless glaze of blue-white tile with colored glaze technique, with techniques with the use of which is a technical step. Surrounded by rich niche within the knotted strips of the period of illumination in curves with rumi and ornaments with an integrated stylistic unity is appreciable. In addition, many Far Eastern origin, various herbal decorations, add richness to the composition. Under the blue and white hexagonal tiles Glaze decorated plates, placed in between the triangle shaped plate with turquoise colored tiles, the walls of vessels combined.

Three balconies Mosque Edirne (1437-47) The two tiles in the courtyard under the pediment applied to the plate in the blue-white transparent glaze turquoise and magenta is seen also participated. Small flowers, which curved branches and written inscriptions lehezonlar, the ornamentation of this structure are the main pattern.

15. century color glaze painting technique, 16 century, especially in Istanbul takes. Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque and Tomb of the (1522) in China, colored glaze painting technique are left unglazed painted with red paint after baking boi areas was due to coloring. the prince Mehmed Mausoleum (1548) In line with decorative tile columns, header and base that contains the architectural forms is seen. Idea of a portico of columns move here was portrayed. These examples of the architecture associated with color glaze technique reveal the most common use is observed.

16. After the second half of the century all the techniques are abandoned. Only used technique is called Sırat with. In this technique, a primer is drawn before tile plates, then the desired sample is drawn with lines and internal and external to the eye is painted to be desired. China plates prepared the glaze into the furnace is then dried branches. Become a thin layer of glass in the oven under the transparent glaze in a way all the colors are bright revealed. During this period, but also to the eye, which will take up to half a century, a genuine red coral is also attending. A technique of very high quality and elegant design with the understanding yapılanbu in China, now a naturalistic understanding drawn tulips, hyacinths, carnations, roses and rosebud, such as iris and narcissus flowers, grapes and spring blooming trees, apple trees, service or even a superior enhances the creative power of the composition. In addition, sharp-toothed leaves and curled in the form of a dagger between them bird figures in various postures, sometimes animals are located dabazı legend. This is turning into a rich, no doubt, the creative power of the Ottoman palace factors have been connected to the calligrapher. Especially in the administration çalüşan Şahkulu and calligrapher of nakkaşbaşıların as Karamemi, tile masters have created various patterns. This resource creates lush Ottoman court style during this period with various art works in the art of China has provided a stylistic integrity.
Istanbul Süleymaniye Mosque (1550-57) altar wall, the red color used for the first time, opened the spring gushing from the bottom branches and tulip, carnation flowers, where the naturalist, such as tiles and the new style it clear. The medallions on either side of the niche in writing, and students of the period of great calligrapher Hasan Çelebi Karahisari products.

Rustem Pasha Mosque (1561), 16 In the second half of the century China will be the source of all designs are exhibited in the art, the altar, walls, piers are completely covered in tile is a building flashy.

Istanbul in the galley Sokullu Mehmet Pasha Mosque (1571), China decorative pendant of the dome of the transitions at the window in the pediment, in the vicinity of the marble altar and pulpit of the cone on the wall to take place in the architecture does not crush has a successful arrangement. In addition, Istanbul Piyale Pasa Mosque (1573) tiled mihrab of the decorations, the similarity of the period with fabric patterns exhibit.

Edirne Selimiye Mosque (1569-75) of China, 1572, dated understood from the ordinance, as has been ordered as special ıznik'e. This structure compatible with the architectural decoration of tiles, the architecture of the crushing superiority in a way the most successful non-conscious place put out. Mihrab wall, pulpit köıkü wall, galleries bearing spandrel arches, window pediments and hünkar Mahfi especially with the quality of the period are covered with tiles. Sultan mahfil that tiles in the 16th the rule in the second half of the century there, spring blooming trees and apple trees and is crowned.
In Üsküdar Atik Valide Mosque (1583) rising on both sides of the altar wall tile panels, vases of spring flowers and blooming trees overflowing with a variety of 17 century, China will supply power to the art is.

Tile in the art, 17 from the first half of the century and a pause from a technical point of decline begins. Coral-red turns to brown, other colors solar, under the flow of secrets can be seen. Secrets loses shine, cracks appear, the white ground is dirty, and speckled look at wins. Retain power for a while the old patterns, but gradually become dull and lose their subtlety. Thin blue lines in places other than the solid black is a color.

Istanbul Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1609-17), the most brilliant period of Turkish tile art belonging to the last major structure of the samples are collected. In this structure, according to the records, 21043rd tiles are used. Especially upstairs mahfil covering the walls of the tile panels from the common spring blooming trees, hanging branches wrapped service trees, and grapes, tulips, hyacinths, carnations bundles, Chinese clouds were surrounded by large peony and a symbolic three-ball patterns, star geometry such as cross many different motifs separately panels have been brought together in their belief that the raises were collected tiles. In this structure, 16 second half-century and 17th per century, a combination of Iznik and Kütahya tiles are used.

Tiles of the Topkapi Palace, the Ottoman period ceramic art in bulk, all eyes will reveal. Built by Fatih Sultan Mehmed, ıimdi Archaeological Museum located in the garden Tiled Kõik (1472), mosaic tile art in the style of the first Ottoman period, the development of new compositions and colors in front of the eyes is a monumental building boom. Drop out in the form of a spectacular entrance at iwan, geometric compositions, large and sülüs Kufi writings, the effect increases. Topkapi Palace is built in Supply Odası'Dnın wall tiles in the colored glaze technique, 16 characteristics of the sample carries the century.

Topkapı Palace, 16 second half-century of the highest quality in China One of the partition-i Saadet Dairesi'dir Cardigan. Spring blooming trees with birds on the double panels, bright red color was used in a wide display açısınan ground is important. Sultan heat. Apartment in Murad (1578) tiles, the dome foot containers until all the walls. 16. in the second half of this century, high-quality tile, red on white background, green color, which contains the Chinese clouds, pomegranate flowers and toothed leaves are curling. Both sides of the composition of the spring branch in January cone is placed in a format appropriate to the location.
Dated 1640 belonging to various periods in front of the Circumcision Room tiles are adorned. Longer period can not be made of high quality tiles, this structure, the palace stores or other places where the tiles can be removed bring used. 1:20 x 0:34 m. size in the monolithic tile panels, on a white background with different shades of turquoise and blue peony with curly leaves and a branch on a large variety of bird figures in stance, the Far East origin at the bottom are two legendary figures of deer. Formatted according to the particular pattern of the palace calligrapher who are similar to the panel in a panel in a smaller size, the coming out of a vase with curly leaves and flowers are figures of birds on a branch. Interestingly, this board is dated 1639 and the similar is taking place within Baghdad Köıkü. But here not as a panel solid composition, was formed by combining the seven separate sheet. These tiles, a little rough and integrated manner despite the technical glitch, Circumcision Room 16 in century has been by looking to the original copies are highly successful.

17. century ceramic art in terms of the design yet maintain the creative forces at the Harem, Valide Sultan and princes in the China Department coatings, vases of spring flowers and trees, overflowing with a variety of places gives a paradise garden view. 17. a contribution in this area of the century in Mecca and Medina is described to take place in the Turkish tile art. Such a panel, also at the chapel has Valide Sultan. This type of board to be with inscriptions, these documents provides quality win.

During this period, gradually decreasing activity ıznik'in place, began to Kutahya. Üsküdar Tiled Mosque (1640) niche, niche walls and pulpit of the cone and Kütahya tiles reminiscent of the Iznik products will reveal the success of the eyes. New Mosque and the Mosque of Istanbul (1663) China, however, 17 Despite the decline in the second half-century techniques, various designs are still being used. Almost every area of the building green, turquoise and dark blue color is dominant are found in China.

18. one more could not revive in the early centuries Iznik tiling ends. Sultan heat. Ahmed and the Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Turkey in attempt to revive the art of tile are. Tekfur Palace in Istanbul, materials and ovens ıznik'ten brought a new workshop foreman is established. Initially similar to Iznik tiles are made. But, this experiment will take a very short and 25 years after the end finds Tekfur tiling. Palace under the name of Tekfur tiles collected the most interesting examples of these products, Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque (1734) and Sultan heat. Fountain of Ahmet (1732) is located under the eaves. Although similar to the pattern in terms of Iznik tiles, tile Palace of Tekfur construction technique is not successful. Secrets received a ton of blue, cracks have appeared, in color and flow of the left started. Until then, the technique of underglaze tiles These tiles are not seen in the yellow and orange also participated in the art.

Besides these short-lived effort, Kütahya 18 century as a center of activity has continued during the one-China. But, away from the splendor of the palace of art, more public art created according to the schematic style bouquets of flowers and rosettes have emerged. Üsküdar Yeni Valide Mosque (1708), Kütahya repair the Hisar Bey Mosque during the year 1750 the China issue, Antalya Müsellim Mosque (1796) and Topkapi Palace located in various parts of China during this period reflect the properties.

These features of the Neo-Classical style that dominated the 20th century, a new revival in the early changes. returned to the classic pattern of Iznik tiles, successful examples are given. Rashad tomb in Eyüp Sultan Mehmed's (1918) line the tile panels, vine-leaf service, trees, vases overflowing from the flowers, spring, trees, red color, the color variation to participate in this revival invention is laid in front of the eyes.

Magnificent examples of Ottoman tile art, albeit small-scale, 20 century has been trying to relive the beginning. Kütahya tiling is today, sometimes reminiscent of the Turkish tile art with examples of the brilliant history has existed.

This article is not among us today, gave huge thanks to Mr. Tile History Research Professor. Dr. Was written by Şerare post.